注釋- 未來簡史

1. Tim Blanning,The Pursuit of Glory (New York:Penguin Books, 2008)， 52.​​​​​​​​​

2. 同上，53.並請參見： J. Neumann and S. Lindgr n, Great Historical Events That Were Significantly Affected by the Weather:4, The Great Famines in Finland and Estonia, 1695 97 ,Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60 (1979)， 775 87; Andrew B. Appleby, Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age ,Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10:4 (1980):643 63; Cormac Gr da and Jean-Michel Chevet, Famine and Marke tinAncien R gime France ,Journal of Economic History 62:3 (2002)， 706 73.​​​​​​​​​

3. Nicole Darmon et al.， L ins curit alimentaire pour raisons financi res en France ,Observatoire National de la Pauvret et de l Exclusion Sociale ,www.onpes.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Darmon.pdf, accessed 3 March 2015; Rapport Annuel 2013,Banques Alimetaires ,http://en.calameo.com/read/001358178ec47d2018425, accessed 4 March 2015.​​​​​​​​​

4. Richard Dobbs et al.， How the World Could Better Fight Obesity ， McKinseys Company, November, 2014, accessed 11 December 2014,http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/how_the_world_could_better_fight_obesity.

5. Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013 ,Lancet ， 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition ,Telegraph ， 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html​​​​​​​​​

6. Robert S. Lopez,The Birth of Europe ［in Hebrew］ (Tel Aviv:Dvir, 1990)， 427.​​​​​​​​​

7.www.51shucheng.net/uploads/images/2020/02/kl2hvs1w5jg.jpg​​​​​​​​​

8. Alfred W. Crosby,The Columbian Exchange:Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport:Greenwood Press, 1972); William H. McNeill,Plagues and Peoples (Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1977).​​​​​​​​​

9. Hugh Thomas,Conquest:Cortes,Montezuma and the Fall of Old Mexico (New York:Simon Schuster, 1993)， 443 6; Rodolfo Acuna-Soto et al.， Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico ,Historical Review 8:4 (2002)， 360 2; Sherburne F. Cook and Lesley Byrd Simpson,The Population of Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley:University of Califronia Press, 1948).​​​​​​​​​

10. Jared Diamond,Guns, Germs and Steel:The Fates of Human Societies ［in Hebrew］ (Tel Avia:Am Oved, 2002)， 167.​​​​​​​​​

11. Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, 1918 Influenza:The Mother of All Pandemics ,Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:1 (2006)， 15 22; Niall P. A. S. Johnson and Juergen Mueller, Updating the Accounts:Global Mortality of the 1918 1920 Spanish Influenza Pandemic ,Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76:1 (2002)， 105 15; Stacey L. Knobler, Alison Mack, Adel Mahmoud et al.， ed.,The Threat of Pandemic Influenza:Are We Ready?Workshop Summary (Washington DC:National Academies Press 2005)， 57 110; David van Reybrouck,Congo:The Epic History of a People (New York:HarperCollins, 2014)， 164; Siddharth Chandra, Goran Kuljanin and Jennifer Wray, Mortality from the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 1919:The Case of India ,Demography 49:3 (2012)， 857 65; George C. Kohn,Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence:From Ancient Times to the Present ， 3rd edn (New York:Facts on File, 2008)， 363.​​​​​​​​​

12. 從2005年到2010年的平均值，分別是全球4.6%、非洲7.9%、歐洲和北美0.7%。參見： Infant Mortality Rate (Both Sexes Combined) by Major Area, Region and Country, 1950 2010 (Infant Deaths for 1000 Live Births)， estimates ,World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision ， UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, April 2011, accessed 26 May 2012,http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm.同時參見Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins, and Hector Perez-Brignoli, ed.,Infant and Child Mortality in the Past (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1997); Edward Anthony Wrigley et al.,English Population Historyfrom Family Reconstitution, 1580 1837 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997)， 295 6, 303.​​​​​​​​​

13. David A. Koplow, Smallpox:The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2004); Abdel R. Omran, The Epidemiological Transition:A Theory of Population Change ,Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 83:4 (2005)， 731 57; Thomas McKeown,The Modern Rise of Populations (New York:Academic Press, 1976); Simon Szreter,Health and Wealth:Studies in History and Policy (Rochester:University of Rochester Press, 2005); Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chul Hong,The Changing Body:Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700 (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2011); James C. Riley,Rising Life Expectancy:A Global History (New York:Cambridge University Press, 2001).​​​​​​​​​

14. Cholera ， World Health Organization, February 2014, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html.

15. Experimental Therapies:Growing Interest in the Use of Whole Blood or Plasma from Recovered Ebola Patients ， World Health Organization, September 26, 2014, accessed 23 April 2015,http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/26 september-2014/en/.

16. Hung Y. Fan, Ross F. Conner and Luis P. Villarreal,AIDS:Science and Society ， 6th edn (Sudbury:Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011).​​​​​​​​​

17. Peter Piot and Thomas C. Quinn, Response to the AIDS Pandemic A Global Health Model ,TheNew England Journal of Medicine 368:23 (2013):2210 18.​​​​​​​​​

18. 在官方數據中，從未將 老死 列入死因。如果某位婦人年老體衰，最終因為某種感染而再也撐不下去，帳面上就會將感染列為正式死因。因此從官方數據來看，因傳染病而死的人仍然佔總死亡人數的20%以上。然而現在的情形絕對已經和過去大為不同：當時傳染病帶走的是大批兒童及健壯成年人的生命。​​​​​​​​​

19. David M. Livermore, Bacterial Resistance:Origins, Epidemiology, and Impact ,Clinical Infectious Diseases 36:s1 (2005)， s11 23; Richards G. Wax et al.， ed.,Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials ， 2nd edn (Boca Raton:CRC Press, 2008); Maja Babic and Robert A. Bonomo, Mutations as a Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance ， inAntimicrobial Drug Resistance:Mechanisms of Drug Resistance ， ed. Douglas Mayers, vol. 1 (New York:Humana Press, 2009)， 65 74; Julian Davies and Dorothy Davies, Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance ,Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74:3 (2010)， 417 33; Richard J. Fair and Yitzhak Tor, Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century ,Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry 6 (2014)， 25 64.​​​​​​​​​

20. Alfonso J. Alanis, Resistance to Antibiotics:Are We in the PostAntibiotic Era? ,Archives of Medical Research 36:6 (2005)， 697 705; Stephan Harbarth and Matthew H. Samore, Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants and Future Control ,Emerging Infectious Diseases 11:6 (2005)， 794 801; Hiroshi Yoneyama and Ryoichi Katsumata, Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Its Future for Novel Antibiotic Development ,Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 70:5 (2006)， 1060 75; Cesar A. Arias and Barbara E. Murray, Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century A Clinical Super-Challenge ,New England Journal of Medicine 360 (2009)， 439 43; Brad Spellberg, John G. Bartlett and David N. Gilbert, The Future of Antibiotics and Resistance ,New England Journal of Medicine 368 (2013)， 299 302.​​​​​​​​​

21. Losee L. Ling et al.， A New Antibiotic Kills Pathogens without Detectable Resistance ,Nature 517 (2015)， 455 9; Gerard Wright, Antibiotics:An Irresistible Newcomer ,Nature 517 (2015)， 442 4.​​​​​​​​​

22. Roey Tzezana,The Guide to the Future ［in Hebrew］ (Haifa:Roey Tzezana, 2013)， 209 33.​​​​​​​​​

23. Azar Gat,War in Human Civilization (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006)， 130 1; Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined (New York:Viking, 2011); Joshua S. Goldstein,Winning the War on War:The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide (New York:Dutton, 2011); Robert S. Walker and Drew H. Bailey, Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence ,Evolution and Human Behavior 34:1 (2013)， 29 34; I. J. N. Thorpe, Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare ,World Archaology 35:1 (2003)， 145 65; Raymond C. Kelly,Warless Societies and the Origin of War (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 2000); Lawrence H. Keeley,War before Civilization:The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996); Slavomil Vencl, Stone Age Warfare ， inAncient Warfare:Archaeological Perspectives ， ed. John Carman and Anthony Harding (Stroud:Sutton Publishing, 1999)， 57 73.​​​​​​​​​

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25. Van Reybrouck,Congo ， 456 7.​​​​​​​​​

26. 關於肥胖造成的死亡： Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013 ,Lancet ， 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition ,Telegraph ， 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014,http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html.關於恐怖主義造成的死亡： Global Terrorism Database ,http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/， accessed 16 January 2016.​​​​​​​​​

27. Arion McNicoll, How Google s Calico Aims to Fight Aging and Solve Death ， CNN, 3 October 2013, accessed 19 December 2014,http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/03/tech/innovation/google-calico-aging-death/.

28. Katrina Brooker, Google Ventures and the Search for Immortality ,Bloomberg ， 9 March 2015, accessed 15 April 2015,http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015 03 09/google-ventures-bill-maris-investing-in-idea-ofliving-to-500.​​​​​​​​​

29. Mick Brown, Peter Thiel:The Billionaire Tech Entrepreneur on a Mission to Cheat Death ,Telegraph ， 19 September 2014, accessed 19 December 2014,http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11098971/Peter-Thiel-thebillionaire-tech-entrepreneur-on-a-mission-to-cheat-death.html.

30. Kim Hill et al.， Mortality Rates among Wild Chimpanzees ,Journal of Human Evolution 40:5 (2001):437 50; James G. Herndon, Brain Weight Throughout the Life Span of the Chimpanzee ,Journal of Comparative Neurology 409 (1999):567 72.​​​​​​​​​

31. Beatrice Scheubel,Bismarck s Institutions:A Historical Perspective on the Social Security Hypothesis (Tubingen:Mohr Siebeck, 2013); E. P. Hannock,The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850 1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2007).​​​​​​​​​

32. Mental Health:Age Standardized Suicide Rates (per 100,000 Population)， 2012 ， World Health Organization, accessed 28 December 2014,http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mental_health/suicide_rates/atlas.html.

33. Ian Morris,Why the West Rules For Now (Toronto:McClelland Stewart, 2010)， 626 9.​​​​​​​​​

34. David G. Myers, The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People ,American Psychologist 55:1 (2000)， 61; Ronald Inglehart et al.， Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness:A Global Perspective (1981 2007) ,Perspectives on Psychological Science 3:4 (2008)， 264 85.同時參見Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, If We Are So Rich, Why Aren t We Happy? ,American Psychologist 54:10 (1999)， 821 7; Gregg Easterbrook,The Progress Paradox:How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York:Random House, 2003).​​​​​​​​​

35. Kenji Su z uki, Are They Frigid to the Ec onomic Development?Reconsideration of the Economic Effect on Subjective Well-being in Japan ,Social Indicators Research 92:1 (2009)， 81 9; Richard A. Easterlin, Will Raising the Incomes of all Increase the Happiness of All? ,Journal of Economic Bheavior and Organization 27:1 (1995)， 35 47; Richard A. Easterlin, Diminishing Marginal Utility of Income?Caveat Emptor ,Social Indicators Research 70:3 (2005)， 243 55.​​​​​​​​​

36. Linda C. Raeder,John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity (Columbia:University of Missouri Press, 2002).​​​​​​​​​

37. Oliver Turnbull and Mark Solms,TheBrain and the Inner World ［in Hebrew］ (Tel Aviv:Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2005)， 92 6; Kent C. Berridge and Morten L. Kringelbach, Affective Neuroscience of Pleasure:Reward in Humans and Animals ,Psychopharmacology 199 (2008)， 457 80; Morten L. Kringelbach,The Pleasure Center:Trust Your Animal Instincts (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2009).​​​​​​​​​

38. M. Csikszentmihalyi,Finding Flow:The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life (New York:Basic Books, 1997).​​​​​​​​​

39. Centers for Disease Control and 上一章ention, Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html, accessed 4 January 2016; Sarah Harris, Number of Children Given Drugs for ADHD Up Ninefold with Patients As Young As Three Being Prescribed Ritalin ,Daily Mail ， 28 June 2013,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2351427/Number-children-given-drugs-ADHD-ninefold-patients-young-THREEprescribed-Ritalin.html, accessed 4 January 2016; International Narcotics Control Board (UN),Psychotropics Substances, Statistics for 2013, Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements 2014 ， 39 40.​​​​​​​​​

40. 關於學生濫用此類興奮劑的證據仍然不足，但2013年的一項研究發現，美國大學生有5%~15%曾非法使用某種興奮劑至少一次： C. Ian Ragan, Imre Bard and Ilina Singh, What Should We Do about Student Use of Cognitive Enhancers?An Analysis of Current Evidence ,Neuropharmacology 64 (2013)， 589.​​​​​​​​​

41. Bradley J. Partridge, Smart Drugs As Common as Coffee :Media Hype about Neuroenhancement ,PLoS One 6:11 (2011)， e28416.​​​​​​​​​

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2. Anthony D. Barnosky, Megafauna Biomass Tradeoff as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions ,PNAS 105:1 (2008)， 11543 8；關於狼和獅子： William J. Ripple et al.， Status and Ecological Effects of the World s Largest Carnivores ,Science 343:6167 (2014)， 151；Stanley Coren博士認為世界上有大約5億條狗： Stanley Coren, How Many Dogs Are There in the World ,Psychology Today ， 19 September 2012, accessed 20 December 2014,http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201209/how-many-dogsare-there-in-the-world；關於貓的數目，請見： Nicholas Wade, DNA Traces 5 Matriarchs of 600 Million Domestic Cats ,New York Times ， 29 June 2007, accessed 20 December 2014,http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29ihtcats.1.6406020.html；關於非洲水牛，請見： Syncerus caffer ， IUCN Red List of Threa- tened Species, accessed 20 December 2014,http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21251/0；關於牛的數目，請見： David Cottle and Lewis Kahn, ed.,Beef Cattle Production and Trade (Collingwood:Csiro, 2014)， 66；關於雞的數目，請見： Live Animals ,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:Statistical Division ， accessed December 20, 2014,http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QA/E；關於黑猩猩的數目，請見： Pan troglodytes ， IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014,http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15933/0.

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5. Simon L. Lewis and Mark A. Maslin, Defining the Anthropocene ,Nature 519 (2015)， 171 80.​​​​​​​​​

6. Timothy F. Flannery,The Future Eaters:An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (Port Melbourne:Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al.， Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents ,Science 306:5693 (2004)， 70 5; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna ,Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004)， 517 23; Gifford H. Miller et al.， Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction ,Science 309:5732 (2005)， 287 90; Richard G. Roberts et al.， New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna:Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago ,Science 292:5523 (2001)， 1888 92; Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation ,Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21 2 (2006)， 2692 703; Barry W. Brooks et al.， Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent?Comments on A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation by S. Wroe and J. Field ,Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3 4 (2007)， 560 4; Chris S. M. Turney et al.， Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction ,PNAS 105:34 (2008)， 12150 3; John Alroy, A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction ,Science 292:5523 (2001)， 1893 6; J. F. O Connel and J. Allen, Pre-LGM Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) and the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans ， inRethinking the Human Evolution:New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans ， ed. Paul Mellars (Cambridge:McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007)， 400 1.​​​​​​​​​

7. Graham Harvey,Animism:Respecting the Living World (Kent Town:Wakefield Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev,Soul Hunters:Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality:Sami Perspectives ,Polar Record 46:1 (2010)， 44 56; Istvan Praet, Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation ， inRoutledge Handbook of Human-Animal Studies ， ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York:Routledge, 2014)， 154 67; Nurit Bird-David, Animism Revisited:Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology ,Current Anthropology 40 (1999): s67 91; N. Bird-David, Animistic Epistemology:Why Some Hunter-Gatherers Do Not Depict Animals ,Ethnos 71:1 (2006):33 50.​​​​​​​​​

8. Danny Naveh, Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants with the Shift to Agricultural Life:What Can Be Learnt from the Nayaka Case, A HunterGatherer Society from the Rain Forests of Southern India? ［in Hebrew］,Animals and Society ， 52 (2015):7 8.​​​​​​​​​

9. Howard N. Wallace, The Eden Narrative ,Harvard Semitic Monographs 32 (1985)， 147 81.​​​​​​​​​

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16. Turnbull and Solms,Brain and the Inner World ， 90 2.​​​​​​​​​

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18. Daniel Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York:Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely,Predictably Irrational (New York:Harper, 2009).​​​​​​​​​

19. Justin Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?The Mammal Behind the Myth (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013)， 81 7; Jaak Panksepp, Affective Consciousness:Core Emotional Feelings in Animals and Humans ,Consciousness and Cognition 14:1 (2005)， 30 80.​​​​​​​​​

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22. Lucille C. Birnbaum, Behaviorism in the 1920s ,American Quarterly 7:1 (1955)， 18.​​​​​​​​​

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25. Jacques Cauvin,The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000); Tim Ingord, From Trust to Domination:An Alternative History of Human Animals Relations ， inAnimals and Human Society:Changing Perspectives ， ed. Aubrey Manning and James Serpell (New York:Routledge, 2002)， 1 22; Roberta Kalechofsky, Hierarchy, Kinship and Responsibility ， inA Communion of Subjects:Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics ， ed. Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau (New York:Columbia University Press, 2006)， 91 102; Nerissa Russell,Social Zooarchaeology:Humans and Animals in Prehistory (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2012)， 207 58; Margo DeMello,Animals and Society:An Introduction to Human Animal Studies (New York:University of Columbia Press, 2012).​​​​​​​​​

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27. Benjamin R. Foster, ed.,The Epic of Gilgamesh (New York, London:W. W. Norton, 2001)， 90.​​​​​​​​​

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29. Talmud Bavli, Bava Metzia, 85:71.​​​​​​​​​

30. Christopher Chapple,Nonviolence to Animals, Earth and Self in Asian Traditions (New York:State University of New York Press, 1993); Panchor Prime,Hinduism and Ecology:Seeds of Truth (London:Cassell, 1992); Christopher Key Chapple, The Living Cosmos of Jainism:A Traditional Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics ,Daedalus 130:4 (2001)， 207 24; Norm Phelps,The Great Compassion:Buddhism and Animal Rights (New York:Lantern Books, 2004); Damien Keown,Buddhist Ethics:A Very Short Introduction (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2005)， ch. 3; Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau, ed.,A Communion of Subjects:Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics (New York:Columbia University Press, 2006)， esp.179 250; Pragati Sahni,Environmental Ethics in Buddhism:A Virtues Approach (New York:Routledge, 2008); Lisa Kemmerer and Anthony J. Nocella II, ed.,Call to Compassion:Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World s Religions (New York:Lantern, 2011)， esp.15 103; Lisa Kemmerer,Animals and World Religions (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2012)， esp.56 126; Irina Aristarkhova, Thou Shall Not Harm All Living Beings:Feminism, Jainism and Animals ,Hypatia 27:3 (2012):636 50; Eva de Clercq, Karman and Compassion:Animals in the Jain Universal History ,Religions of South Asia 7 (2013):141 57.​​​​​​​​​

31. Naveh, Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants ， 11.​​​​​​​​​

1. Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design ， Gallup, accessed 20 December 2014,http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationismintelligent-design.aspx; Frank Newport, In US, 46 percent Hold Creationist View of Human Origins ， Gallup, 1 June 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx.

2. Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? ， 82 3.​​​​​​​​​

3. Stanislas Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain:Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York:Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker,How the Mind Works (New York:W. W. Norton, 1997).​​​​​​​​​

4. Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain .​​​​​​​​​

5. 有些專家可能會提到哥德爾不完備定理（G del s incompleteness theorem），也就是認為沒有任何數學的公理（axiom）系統能夠證明所有算術真理，一定會有某些真實的陳述，無法在該系統中證明。而在通俗文學裡，有時候就會把這項定理挪用過來，用以說明心靈的存在。照其說法，正是因為有無法證明的事實，所以需要用心靈來處理。只不過，一般人只是想要生存和繁衍，實在看不出來為什麼需要與這些神祕的數學真理扯上關係。事實上，我們絕大多數有意識的決定，都與以上這些問題完全無關。​​​​​​​​​

6. Christopher Steiner,Automate This:How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (New York:Penguin, 2012)， 215; Tom Vanderbilt, Let the Robot Drive:The Autonomous Car of the Future is Here ,Wired ， 20 January 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,http://www.wired.com/2012/01/ff_autonomouscars/all/; Chris Urmson, The Self-Driving Car Logs More Miles on New Wheels ， Google Official Blog, 7 August 2012, accessed 23 December 2014,http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html; Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, Google s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem:Cars With Drivers ,New York Times ， 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1.

7. Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain .​​​​​​​​​

8. Ibid.， ch. 7.​​​​​​​​​

9. The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness ， 7 July 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,web.archive.org/web/20131109230457/http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf.

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11. Marc Bekoff, Observations of Scent-Marking and Discriminating Self from Others by a Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris ):Tales of Displaced Yellow Snow ,Behavioral Processes 55:2 (2011)， 75 9.​​​​​​​​​

12. 關於不同程度的自我意識，請參見： Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? ， 59 66.​​​​​​​​​

13. Carolyn R. Raby et al.， Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays ,Nature 445:7130 (2007)， 919 21.​​​​​​​​​

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15. Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? ; Nicola S.Clayton, Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson, Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future? ,Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4:8 (2003)， 685 91; William A. Roberts, Are Animals Stuck in Time? ,Psychological Bulletin 128:3 (2002)， 473 89; Endel Tulving, Episodic Memory and Autonoesis:Uniquely Human? ， inThe Missing Link in Cognition:Evolution of Self-Knowing Consciousness ， ed. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford:Oxford University Press)， 3 56; Mariam Naqshbandi and William A. Roberts, Anticipation of Future Events in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus ) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus ):Tests of the BischofKohler Hypothesis ,Journal of Comparative Psychology 120:4 (2006)， 345 57.​​​​​​​​​

16. I. B. A. Bartal, J. Decety and P. Mason, Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats ,Science 334:6061 (2011)， 1427 30;Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? ， 89.​​​​​​​​​

17. Karl Krall,Denkende Tiere: Beitr ge zur Tierseelenkunde auf Grund eigener Versuche (Leipzig: F. Engelmann, 1912).​​​​​​​​​

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19. See also Edward O. Wilson,The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York:Liveright, 2012).​​​​​​​​​

20. Cyril Edwin Black, ed.,The Transformation of Russian Society:Aspects of Social Change since 1861 (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1970)， 279.​​​​​​​​​

21. Tom Gallagher,Theft of a Nation:Romania since Communism (London:Hurst, 2005).​​​​​​​​​

22. Robin Dunbar,Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1998).​​​​​​​​​

23. TVP University, Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay ， 15 December 2012, accessed 21 December 2014,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0.

24. Quoted in Christopher Duffy,Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London:Routledge, 2005)， 98 9.​​​​​​​​​

25. Serhii Ploghy,The Last Empire:The Final Days of the Soviet Union (London:Oneworld, 2014)， 309.​​​​​​​​​

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6. For a detailed discussion see Ha-Joon Chang,23 Things They Don t Tell You 關於本站 Capitalism (New York:Bloomsbury Press, 2010).​​​​​​​​​

1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, mile, ou de l ducation (Paris, 1967)， 348.​​​​​​​​​

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15. Donna Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto:Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century ， inSimians, Cyborgs and Women:The Reinvention of Nature ， ed. Donna Haraway (New York:Routledge, 1991)， 149 81.

1. 詳細討論請見Michael S. Gazzaniga,Who s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (New York:Ecco, 2011).​​​​​​​​​

2. Chun Siong Soon et al.， Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain ,Nature Neuroscience 11:5 (2008)， 543 5.See also Daniel Wegner,The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action ,Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985)， 529 66.​​​​​​​​​

3. Sanjiv K. Talwar et al.， Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control ,Nature 417:6884 (2002)， 37 8; Ben Harder, Scientists Drive Rats by Remote Control ,National Geographic ， 1 May 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/0501_020501_roborats.html; Tom Clarke, Here Come the Ratbots:Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents ,Nature ， 2 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news020429 9.html; Duncan Graham-Rowe, Roborat Controlled by Brain Electrodes ,New Scientist ， 1 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237 roboratcontrolled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ.

4.http://fusion.net/story/204316/darpa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiersbrains/;http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5758018/darpa-teams-begin-workon-tiny-brain-implant-to-treat-ptsd.

5. Smadar Reisfeld, Outside of the Cuckoo s Nest ,Haaretz ， 6 March 2015.​​​​​​​​​

6. Dan Hurley, US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ ,Newsweek ， 5 March 2014,http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/usmilitary-leads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html, accessed 9 January 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate,http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp; R. Andy McKinley et al.， Acceleration of 圖片 Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ,Behavioral Neuroscience 127:6 (2013):936 46; Jeremy T. Nelson et al.， Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) ,Neuro圖片 85 (2014):909 17; Melissa Scheldrup et al.， Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilities Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Differentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask ,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014); Oliver Burkeman, Can I Increase my Brain Power? ,Guardian ， 4 January 2014,http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increasemy-brain-power, accessed 9 January 2016; Heather Kelly, Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain ， CNN, 23 October 2014,http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/. accessed 9 January 2016.​​​​​​​​​

7. Sally Adee, Zap Your Brain into the Zone:Fast Track to Pure Focus ,New Scientist ， 6 February 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600 zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fast-track-to-pure-focus.html.同時參見： R. Douglas Fields, Amping Up Brain Function:Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning ,Scientific American ， 25 November 2011, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function.

8. Sally Adee, How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think ,The Week, 30 March 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-waywe-think/2.

9. E. Bianconi et al.， An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body, Annals of Human Biology 40:6 (2013):463 71.​​​​​​​​​

10. Oliver Sacks,The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (London:Picador, 1985)， 73 5.​​​​​​​​​

11. Joseph E. LeDoux, Donald H. Wilson, Michael S. Gazzaniga, A Divided Mind:Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres ,Annals of Neurology 2:5 (1977)， 417 21.同時參見： D. Galin, Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization:A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes ,Archives of General Psychiatry ， 31:4 (1974)， 572 83; R. W. Sperry, M. S. Gazzaniga and J. E. Bogen, Interhemispheric relationships:The Neocortical Commisures:Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection ， inHandbook of Clinical Neurology ， ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Co.， 1969)， vol. 4.​​​​​​​​​

12. Michael S. Gazzaniga,The Bisected Brain (New York:AppletonCentury-Crofts, 1970); Gazzaniga,Who s in Charge? ; Carl Senior, Tamara Russell, and Michael S. Gazzaniga,Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006); David Wolman, The Split Brain:A Tale of Two Halves ,Nature 483 (14 March 2012):260 3.​​​​​​​​​

13. Galin, Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization ， 573 4.​​​​​​​​​

14. Springer and Deutsch,Left Brain, Right Brain, 3rd edn (New York:W. H. Freeman, 1989)， 32 6.​​​​​​​​​

15. Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow ， 377 410.同時參見Gazzaniga,Who s in Charge? ， ch. 3.​​​​​​​​​

16. Eran Chajut et al.， In Pain Thou Shalt Bring Forth Children:The Peakand-End Rule in Recall of Labor Pain ,Psychological Science 25:12 (2014)， 2266 71.​​​​​​​​​

17. Ulla Waldenstr m, Women s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year after the Birth ,Birth 30:4 (2003)， 248 54; Ulla Waldenstr m, Why Do Some Women Change Their Opinion about Childbirth over Time? ,Birth 31:2 (2004)， 102 7.​​​​​​​​​

18. Gazzaniga,Who s in Charge? ， ch. 3.​​​​​​​​​

19. Jorge Luis Borges,Collected Fictions ， translated by Andrew Hurley (New York:Penguin Books, 1999)， 308 9.西班牙版本請見： Jorge Luis Borges, Un problema ， inObras completas ， vol. 3 (Buenos Aires:Emece Editores, 1968 9)， 29 30.​​​​​​​​​

20. Mark Thompson,The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 (New York:Basic Books, 2009).​​​​​​​​​

1. F. M. Anderson, ed.,The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France:1789 1907 ， 2nd edn (Minneapolis:H. W. Wilson, 1908)， 184 5; Alan Forrest, L arm e de l an II: la lev e en masse et la cr a tion d un m y t he r pu b li cain ,A n na le s hi s to ri que s de la R vo lu tion f ran cai s 335 (2004)， 111 30.​​​​​​​​​

2. Morris Edmund Spears, ed.,World War Issues and Ideals:Readings in Contemporary History and Literature (Boston and New York:Ginn and Company, 1918)， 242.還有一項最重要的近期研究，得到正反雙方的一致廣泛引用，也嘗試證明民主體制的士兵戰鬥力較強： Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam,Democracies at War (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002).​​​​​​​​​

3. Doris Stevens,Jailed for Freedom (New York:Boni and Liveright, 1920)， 290.同時參見Susan R. Grayzel, Women and the First World War (Harlow:Longman, 2002)， 101 6; Christine Bolt,The Women s Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s (Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press, 1993)， 236 76; Birgitta Bader-Zaar, Women s Suffrage and War:World War I and Political Reform in a Comparative Perspective ， inSuffrage, Gender and Citizenship:International Perspectives on Parliamentary Reforms ， ed. Irma Sulkunen, Seija-Leena Nevala-Nurmi and Pirjo Markkola (Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009)， 193 218.​​​​​​​​​

4. Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, Google s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem:Cars With Drivers ,New York Times ， 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-cars-fault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1; Shawn DuBravac,Digital Destiny:How the New Age of Data Will Transform the Way We Work, Live and Communicate (Washington DC:Regnery Publishing, 2015)， 127 56.​​​​​​​​​

5. Bradley Hope, Lawsuit Against Exchanges Over Unfair Advantage for High-Frequency Traders Dismissed ,Wall Street Journal ,29 April 2015, accessed 6 October 2015,http://www.wsj.com/articles/lawsuit-against-exchanges-overunfair-advantage-for-high-frequency-traders-dismissed-1430326045; David Levine, High-Frequency Trading Machines Favored Over Humans by CME Group, Lawsuit Claims ,Huffington Post ， 26 June 2012, accessed 6 October 2015,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/26/high-frequency-tradinglawsuit_n_1625648.html; Lu Wang, Whitney Kisling and Eric Lam, Fake Post Erasing $136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans ， Bloomberg, 23 April 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013 04 23/fake-report-erasing-136 billion-shows-market-s-fragility.html; Matthew Philips, How the Robots Lost:High-Frequency Trading s Rise and Fall ,Bloomberg Businessweek ， 6 June 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/123468 how-the-robots-lost-high-frequencytradings-rise-and-fall; Steiner,Automate This ， 2 5, 11 52; Luke Dormehl,The Formula:How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems And Create More (London:Penguin, 2014)， 223.​​​​​​​​​

6. Jordan Weissmann, iLawyer:What Happens when Computers Replace Attorneys? ,Atlantic ， 19 June 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/ilawyer-what-happens-whencomputers-replace-attorneys/258688; John Markoff, Armies of Expensive Lawyers, Replaced by Cheaper Software ,New York Times ， 4 March 2011, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/05/science/05legal.html?pagewanted=all _r=0; Adi Narayan, The fMRI Brain Scan:A Better Lie Detector? ,Time ， 20 July 2009, accessed 22 December 2014,http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1911546 2,00.html; Elena Rusconi and Timothy Mitchener-Nissen, Prospects of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Lie Detector ,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7:54 (2013); Steiner,Automate This ,217; Dormehl,The Formula ， 229.​​​​​​​​​

7. B. P. Woolf,Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors:Student-centered Strategies for Revolutionizing E-learning (Burlington:Morgan Kaufmann, 2010); Annie Murphy Paul, The Machines are Taking Over ,New York Times ， 14 September 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/magazine/how-computerized-tutors-are-learning-to-teachhumans.html?_r=0; P. J. Munoz-Merino, C. D. Kloos and M. Munoz-Organero, Enhancement of Student Learning Through the Use of a Hinting Computer e-Learning System and Comparison With Human Teachers ,IEEE Transactions on Education 54:1 (2011)， 164 7;Mindojo ， accessed 14 July 2015,http://mindojo.com/.

8. Steiner,Automate This ， 146 62; Ian Steadman, IBM s Watson Is Better at Diagnosing Cancer than Human Doctors ,Wired ， 11 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013 02/11/ibmwatson-medical-doctor; Watson Is Helping Doctors Fight Cancer ， IBM, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/watson/watson_in_healthcare.shtml; Vinod Khosla, Technology Will Replace 80 per cent of What Doctors Do ,Fortune ， 4 December 2012, accessed 22 December 2014,http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/12/04/technology-doctors-khosla; Ezra Klein, How Robots Will Replace Doctors ,Washington Post ， 10 January 2011, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/how-robots-will-replace-doctors/2011/08/25/gIQASA17AL_blog.html.

9. Tzezana,The Guide to the Future ， 62 4.​​​​​​​​​

10. Steiner,Automate This ， 155.​​​​​​​​​

11.http://www.mattersight.com.

12. Steiner,Automate This ， 178 82; Dormehl,The Formula ， 21 4; Shana Lebowitz, Every Time You Dial into These Call Centers, Your Personality Is Being Silently Assessed ,Business Insider ， 3 September 2015, retrieved 31 January 2016,http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mattersight-usespersonality-science-2015-9.

13. Rebecca Morelle, Google Machine Learns to Master Video Games ， BBC, 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31623427; Elizabeth Lopatto, Google s AI Can Learn to Play Video Games ,The Verge ， 25 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.theverge.com/2015/2/25/8108399/google-ai-deepmind-video-games; Volodymyr Mnih et al.， Human-Level Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning ,Nature ， 26 February 2015, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7540/full/nature14236.html​​​​​​​​​

14. Michael Lewis,Moneyball:The Art of Winning An Unfair Game (New York:W. W. Norton, 2003).同時參見2011年的電影《點球成金》（Moneyball），由貝尼特 米勒（Bennett Miller）執導，布拉德 皮特飾演比恩。​​​​​​​​​

15. Frank Levy and Richard Murnane,The New Division of Labor:How Computers are Creating the 下一章 Job Market (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2004); Dormehl,The Formula ， 225 6.​​​​​​​​​

16. Tom Simonite, When Your Boss is an Uber Algoritm ,MIT Technology Review ， 1 December 2015, retrieved 4 February 2016,www.technologyreview.com/s/543946/when-your-boss-is-an-uber-algorithm/.

17. Simon Sharwood, Software Appointed to Board of Venture Capital Firm ,The Register ， 18 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/05/18/software_appointed_to_board_of_venture_capital_firm/; John Bates, I m the Chairman of the Board ,Huffington Post ， 6 April 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-bates/imthe-chairman-of-the-bo_b_5440591.html; Colm Gorey, I m Afraid I Can t Invest in That, Dave:AI Appointed to VC Funding Board ,Silicon Republic ， 15 May 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,www.siliconrepublic.com/discovery/2014/05/15/im-afraid-i-cant-invest-in-that-dave-ai-appointed-to-vcfunding-board.

18. Steiner,Automate This ， 89 101; D. H. Cope,Comes the Fiery Night:2,000 Haiku by Man and Machine (Santa Cruz:Create Space, 2011).同時參見： Dormehl,The Formula ， 174 80, 195 8, 200 2, 216 20; Steiner,Automate This ， 75 89.​​​​​​​​​

19. Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, The Future of Employment:How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? ， 17 September 2013, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.

20. E. Brynjolfsson and A. McAffee,Race Againt the Machine:How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy (Lexington:Digital Frontier Press, 2011).​​​​​​​​​

21. Nick Bostrom,Superintelligence:Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2014).​​​​​​​​​

22. Ido Efrati, Researchers Conducted a Successful Experiment with an Artificial Pancreas Connected to an iPhone ［in Hebrew］,Haaretz ， 17 June 2014, accessed 23 December 2014,http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/health/1.2350956.Moshe Phillip et al.， Nocturnal.Glucose Control with an Artificial Pancreas at a Diabetis Camp ,New England Journal of Medicine 368:9 (2013)， 824 33; Artificial Pancreas Controlled by iPhone Shows Promise in Diabetes Trial ,Today ， 17 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.todayonline.com/world/artificial-pancreas-controlled-iphone-shows-promisediabetes-trial?singlepage=true​​​​​​​​​

23. Dormehl,The Formula ， 7 16.​​​​​​​​​

24. Martha Mendoza, Google Develops 聯絡我們 Lens Glucose Monitor ， Yahoo News, 17 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,http://news.yahoo.com/google-develops-contact-lens-glucose-monitor-000147894.html; Mark Scott, Novartis Joins with Google to Develop 聯絡我們 Lens That Monitors Blood Sugar ,New York Times ， 15 July 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/business/international/novartis-joins-with-googleto-develop-contact-lens-to-monitor-blood-sugar.html?_r=0; Rachel Barclay, Google Scientists Create 聯絡我們 Lens to Measure Blood Sugar Level in Tears ， Healthline, 23 January 2014, accessed 12 August 2015,http://www.healthline.com/health-news/diabetes-google-develops-glucose-monitoring-contactlens-012314.

25. Quantified Self ,http://quantifiedself.com/; Dormehl,The Formula ， 11 16.​​​​​​​​​

26. Dormehl,The Formula ， 91 5; Bedpost ,http://bedposted.com.

27. Dormehl,The Formula ， 53 9.​​​​​​​​​

28. Angelina Jolie, My Medical Choice ,New York Times ， 14 May 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/mymedical-choice.html.

29. Google Flu Trends ,http://www.google.org/flutrends/about/how.html; Jeremy Ginsberg et al.， Detecting Influenza Epidemics Using Search Engine Query Data ,Nature ， 457:7232 (2008)， 1012 14; Declan Butler, When Google Got Flu Wrong ,Nature ， 13 February 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413; Miguel Helft, Google Uses Searches to Track Flu s Spread ， New York Times, 11 November 2008, accessed 22 December 2014,http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/nytimes/2008 11 11_nytimes_google_influenza.pdf; Samanth Cook et al.， Assessing Google Flu Trends Performance in the United States during the 2009 Influenza Virus A (H1N1) Pandemic ,PLOS One ， 19 August 2011, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023610; Jeffrey Shaman et al.， RealTime Inluenza Forecasts during the 2012 2013 Season ,Nature ， 23 April 2013, accessed 24 December 2014,http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/131203/ncomms3837/full/ncomms3837.html.

30. Alistair Barr, Google s New Moonshot Project:The Human Body ,Wall Street Journal ， 24 July 2014, accessed 22 December 2014,http://www.wsj.com/articles/google-to-collect-data-to-define-healthy-human-1406246214; Nick Summers, Google Announces Google Fit Platform 上一章iew for Developers ， 下一章 Web, 25 June 2014, accessed 22 December 2014,http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/06/25/google-launches-google-fit-platform-preview-developers/.

31. Dormehl,The Formula ， 72 80.​​​​​​​​​

32. Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, Computer-Based Personality Judgements Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans ,PNAS 112:4 (2015)， 1036 40.​​​​​​​​​

33. 關於先知、代理人和君主的概念，參見： Bostrom,Superintelligence .​​​​​​​​​

34.www.waze.com/.

35. Dormehl,The Formula ， 206.​​​​​​​​​

36. World Bank,World Development Indicators 2012 (Washington DC:World Bank, 2012)， 72,http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2012 ebook.pdf.

37. Larry Elliott, Richest 62 People as Wealthy as Half of World s Population, Says Oxfam ,Guardian ， 18 January 2016, retrieved 9 February 2016,http://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/18/richest-62-billionaireswealthy-half-world-population-combined; Tami Luhby, The 62 Richest People Have As Much Wealth As Half the World ,CNN Money ， 18 January 2016, retrieved 9 February 2016,http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/17/news/economy/oxfam-wealth/.

第10章
1. EM spectrum .Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons,commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg#/media/File:EM_spectrum.svg​​​​​​​​​

2. Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine and Ara Norenzayan, The Weirdest People in the World ,Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2010)， 61 135.​​​​​​​​​

3. Benny Shanon,Antipodes of the Mind:Charting the Phenome- nology of the Ayahuasca Experience (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2002).​​​​​​​​​

4. Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat? ,Philosophical Review 83:4 (1974)， 435 50.​​​​​​​​​

5. Michael J. Noad et al.， Cultural Revolution in Whale Songs ,Nature 408:6812 (2000)， 537; Nina Eriksen et al.， Cultural Change in the Songs of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae ) from Tonga ,Behavior 142:3 (2005)， 305 28; E. C. M. Parsons, A. J. Wright and M. A. Gore, The Nature of Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae ) Song ,Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology 1:1 (2008)， 22 31.​​​​​​​​​

6. C. Bushdid et al.， Human can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli ,Science 343:6177 (2014),1370 2; Peter A. Brennan and Frank Zufall, Pheromonal Communication in Vertebrates ,Nature 444:7117 (2006)， 308 15; Jianzhi Zhang and David M. Webb, Evolutionary Deterioration of the Vomeronasal Pheromone Transduction Pathway in Catarrhine Primates ,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:14 (2003)， 8337 41; Bettina Beer, Smell, Person, Space and Memory ,Experiencing New Worlds, ed. Jurg Wassmann and Kathrina Stockhaus (New York:Berghahn Books, 2007)， 187 200; Niclas Burenhult and Majid Asifa, Olfaction in Aslian Ideology and Language ,Sense and Society 6:1 (2011)， 19 29; Constance Classen, David Howes and Anthony Synnott,Aroma:The Cultural History of Smell (London:Routledge, 1994); Amy Pei-jung Lee, Reduplication and Odor in Four Formosan Languages ,Language and Linguistics 11:1 (2010):99 126;Walter E. A. van Beek, The Dirty Smith:Smell as a Social Frontier among the Kapsiki/Higi of North Cameroon and North-Eastern Nigeria ,Africa 62:1 (1992)， 38 58; Ewelina Wnuk and Asifa Majid, Revisiting the Limits of Language:The Odor Lexicon of Maniq ,Cognition 131 (2014)， 125 38.
然而，有些學者認為人類之所以失去強大的嗅覺能力，是因為某些更古老的進化過程。參見： Yoav Gilad et al.， Human Specific Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes ,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:6 (2003)， 3324 7; Atushi Matsui, Yasuhiro Go and Yoshihito Niimura, Degeneration of Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertories in Primates:No Direct Link to Full Trichromatic Vision ,Molecular Biology and Evolution 27:5 (2010)， 1192 200; Graham M. Hughes, Emma C. Teeling and Desmond G. Higgins, Loss of Olfactory Receptor Function in Hominin Evolution ,PLOS One 9:1 (2014)， e84714.

7. Matthew Crawford,The World Beyond Your Head:How to Flourish in an Age of Distraction (London:Viking, 2015).​​​​​​​​​

8. Turnbull and Solms,TheBrain and the Inner World ， 136 59; Kelly Bulkeley,Visions of the Night:Dreams, Religion and Psychology (New York:State University of New York Press, 1999); Andreas Mavrematis,Hypnogogia:The Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep (London:Routledge, 1987); Brigitte Holzinger, Stephen LaBerge and Lynn Levitan, Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming ,American Psychological Association 16:2 (2006):88 95; Watanabe Tsuneo, Lucid Dreaming:Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions ,Journal of International Society of Life Information Science 21:1 (2003):159 62; Victor I. Spoormaker and Jan van den Bout, Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares:A Pilot Study ,Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 75:6 (2006):389 94.​​​​​​​​​

第11章
1. 例如參見： Kevin Kelly,What Technology Wants (New York: Viking Press, 2010); C sar Hidalgo,Why Information Grows:The Evolution of Order, From Atoms to Economies (New York:Basic Books, 2015); Howard Bloom,Global Brain:The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century (Hoboken:Wiley, 2001); DuBravac,Digital Destiny .​​​​​​​​​

2. Friedrich Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society, American Economic Review 35:4 (1945):519 30.​​​​​​​​​

3. Kiyohiko G. Nishimura,Imperfect Competition Differential Information and the Macro-foundations of Macro-economy (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992); Frank M. Machovec,Perfect Competition and the Transformation of Economics (London:Routledge, 2002); Frank V. Mastrianna,Basic Economics ， 16th edn (Mason:South-Western, 2010)， 78 89; Zhiwu Chen, Freedom of Information and the Economic Future of Hong Kong ,Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research 74 (2003); Randall Morck, Bernard Yeung and Wayne Yu, The Information Content of Stock Markets:Why Do Emerging Markets Have Synchronous Stock Price Movements? ,Journal of Financial Economics 58:1 (2000)， 215 60; Louis H. Ederington and Jae Ha Lee, How Markets Process Information:News Releases and Volatility ,Journal of Finance 48:4 (1993)， 1161 91; Mark L. Mitchell and J. Harold Mulherin, The Impact of Public Information on the Stock Market ,Journal of Finance 49:3 (1994):923 50; JeanJacques Laffont and Eric S. Maskin, The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Insider Trading on the Stock Market ,Journal of Political Economy 98:1 (1990)， 70 93; Steven R. Salbu, Differentiated Perspectives on Insider Trading:The Effect of Paradigm Selection on Policy ,St John s Law Review 66:2 (1992)， 373 405.​​​​​​​​​

4. Valery N. Soyfer, New Light on the Lysenko Era ,Nature 339:6224 (1989)， 415 20; Nils Roll-Hansen, Wishful Science:The Persistence of T. D. Lysenko s Agrobiology in the Politics of Science ,Osiris 23:1 (2008)， 166 88.​​​​​​​​​

5. William H. McNeill and J. R. McNeill,The Human Web:A Bird s-Eye View of World History (New York:W. W. Norton, 2003).​​​​​​​​​

6. Aaron Swartz, Guerilla Open Access Manifesto ， July 2008, accessed 22 December 2014,ia700808.us.archive.org/17/items/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto/Goamjuly2008.pdf; Sam Gustin, Aaron Swartz, Tech Prodigy and Internet Activist, Is Dead at 26 ,Time ， 13 January 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://business.time.com/2013/01/13/tech-prodigyand-internet-activist-aaron-swartz-commits-suicide; Todd Leopold, How Aaron Swartz Helped Build the Internet ， CNN, 15 January 2013, 22 December 2014,http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/15/tech/web/aaron-swartz-internet/; Declan McCullagh, Swartz Didn t Face Prison until Feds Took Over Case, Report Says ， CNET, 25 January 2013, accessed 22 December 2014,http://news.cnet.com/8301 13578_3 57565927 38/swartz-didnt-face-prison-until-feds-took-overcase-report-says/.

7. John Sousanis, World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units ,Wardsauto ， 15 August 2011, accessed 3 December 2015,http://wardsauto.com/news-analysis/world-vehicle-population-tops-1-billion-units.

8. No More Woof ,www.indiegogo.com/projects/no-more-woof​​​​​​​​​.